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Author
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Date
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Title
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Reference
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Synopsis/Remarks
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Anon.
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198?
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A programme for
agricultural diversification in the OECS: Identification and promotion
of non-traditional export crops with potential for joint export,
marketing, crop adaptability
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CARDI Mimeo. Annex
1 page 50
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Statement that the
most important disease of hot pepper is the seed borne Pepper Mosaic
Virus. Sclerotium rolfsii and Rhizotonia are named
as two other important diseases affecting the crop.
The major insect
pest is the pepper flower bud moth (Symmetrischema capsica),
which is widespread throughout the Caribbean.
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CARDI
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1982
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Crop protection
problems in hot peppers in Montserrat.
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CARDI/USAID Small
Farm Systems Research Project (538-0015)
Final Report 1978–82
Vol. Ill, pp. 5–56
to
5–57
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From a survey conducted
by CARDI, it was found that the average infection to Sclerotium
rolfsii was 8%; Rhizoctonia solani was 1–2% and root
knot nematodes (Meloidogynae spp.) was 5%.
Only in one area
were virus symptoms (5% severe, 7% mild) similar to those caused
by Poty Virus Y observed.
Infestation by Symmetrischema
capsica ranged from 4 to 70%.
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Chung, Y
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1989
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Growing hot peppers
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Jones, M T
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1988
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Mite and insect
pests of hot pepper
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Proceedings of a
Seminar on Post Harvest Handling of Hot Peppers. IICA Trinidad &
Tobago pp. 4652.
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The pest complex
on hot peppers includes a great variety of insects and mites but
most are of minor importance, occurring seasonally. The recorded
wet season mite Polyphagotarsonemus latus has become
a serious threat to pepper production.
Management includes
a high level of field sanitation, selective intercropping and rotation,
shade and humidity manipulation, as well as the judicious use of
pesticides.
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Simon, S
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1991
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Anthracnose on economically
important food crops in Barbados—Pepper
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Proceedings, Ninth
Annual BSTA Conference,
Barbados
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A general review
of current knowledge of the cause, symptoms, epidemiology of anthracnose
on economically important food crops in Barbados. Sweet and hot
peppers are both susceptible to anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum
capsici and C. Piperatum.
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St Hill, A and Rajnauth, G
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1988
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Pre-harvest diseases
of hot pepper in Trinidad and Tobago
|
Proceedings of a
Seminar on Post Harvest Handling of Hot Peppers. IICA Trinidad &
Tobago pp. 39–45
|
Pre-harvest diseases
of hot pepper in Trinidad and Tobago are listed; symptoms described
and control measures given. Anthracnose and collar rot are serious
problems in the rainy season.
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FAO
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1972
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Important Caribbean
Pests and Diseases
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Plant Pests of Importance
in the Caribbean.
Caribbean Plant
Protection Commission. Pp. 35–36 and 18
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A listing of pests
(disease, insect and virus) of pepper is given along with their
distribution in the countries of the Caribbean.
No information is
given on the severity or importance of the diseases listed.
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Jones, P and Cooper,
B
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1992
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Virus-free production
in the Eastern Caribbean
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Conference Abstracts,
Plant Virology in the Tropics. Assoc. Appl. Biologists.
|
Pepper veinal mottle
potyvirus (aphid transmitted); a pepper geminivirus (whitefly transmitted)
and pepper mild mottle tobamovirus (soil and seed-borne) were identified
in Antigua.
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Wetter, C and Conti,
M
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1988
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Pepper Mild Mottle Virus
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AAB Descriptions
of Plant Viruses No. 330
|
A description is
given of pepper mild mottle virus.
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Nelson, M R and
Zitter, T A
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1982
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Pepper Mottle Virus
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CMI/AAB Descriptions
of Plant Viruses No. 253
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A description is
given of pepper mottle virus.
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Phelps, R H and
Haque,
S
|
1973
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Major diseases of
some important food crops in the Leeward and Windward Islands
|
Some diseases of
importance in food crops in the Caribbean.
pp. 7–10
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Diseases of hot
pepper are recorded for the Leeward and Windward islands of the
Caribbean including Trinidad and Barbados.
No information is
given on the severity or importance of the diseases listed.
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Suah, J R R and
Rudert,
B
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1973
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Pests of pepper
and their control
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Agricultural Information
Service, Ministry of Agriculture,
Jamaica
|
Several pests are
known to attack peppers in Jamaica but only a few cause serious
damage and these are easy to control.
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Thomas,
L O
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1982
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Hot pepper mosaic—An
important disease in the West Indies
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Tropical Pest Management
V. 28 (1) pp. 88–89
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A survey showed
an overall 25% infection with 7.6% severe, 9.6% moderate and 8.0%
mild.
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Montalvo-Zapata,
R Baron,
J. J and Meister,
C. W
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1988
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24th
Annual meeting of the Caribbean Food Crops Society, Jamaica
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Pesticide Residues
on Non-Bell Peppers in Puerto Rico
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Regulatory status
of fluazifop-butyl, fenamiphos, oxamyl, acephate, permethrin and
benomyl on non-bell peppers are discussed. Potential pesticides
for pest and disease control on non-bell peppers grown in the Caribbean
Basin are identified.
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CARDI
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1984
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Hot pepper spacing/intercropping
trial—Montserrat (1)
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CARDI/USAID Farming
Systems Research and Development Project
Report for July
1983–September 1984 pp. 66
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Progress Report.
See (2) for results
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McDonald,
Frank
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1999
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Hot pepper business
systems: Towards a Caribbean hot pepper industry.
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CARDI publication.
Mimeo pp. 1-13
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The paper describes
CARDI’s vision for the establishment of a hot pepper industry in
the Caribbean based on the crop characteristics and its competitiveness
on the international market and available technologies. Major constraints
to hot pepper production are described.
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Green,
S. K. and Kim, J. S.
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1991
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Characteristics
and Control of Viruses Infecting Peppers: A Literature Review
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Asian Vegetable
Research and Development Centre - Technical Bulletin No. 18, 60
pp.
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Some 35 viruses have been reported as infecting
peppers (Capsicum spp.). Of these, more than half are transmitted
by aphids. The other viruses are transmitted by nematodes, thrips,
leafhoppers, whiteflies, beetles and fungi. Several are transmitted
by contact and/or through the soil by mechanisms not yet understood.
Most pepper viruses are distributed worldwide with the exception
of chili veinal mottle virus, pepper severe mosaic virus, pepper
veinal mottle virus, pepper mild mosaic virus and pepper mottle
virus. These have been reported only in certain geographic areas.
Virus‑infected peppers generally exhibit a variety of symptoms,
the most common of which are mosaic, mottle, necrosis and leaf distortion.
Many of these viruses cause considerable yield losses. Various methods
of control, aimed primarily at the vectors of the viruses,
and are reported in the Review.
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Comments/Analysis
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-
The
indication is that the major diseases of hot peppers in the
Caribbean are those caused by Phytophtora spp., Sclerotium
spp. and Rhizoctonia spp. Although these fungal pests
have been recorded in the Caribbean, the degree of infestation
seems to be mild. Refer to CARDI
(1982) and Thomas (1982).
-
The
control measures needed to control these incidences of mild
infection are available.
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The
most important disease of hot pepper is the seed borne Pepper
Mosaic Virus. Management includes a high level of field sanitation,
selective intercropping and rotation and the judicious use of
pesticides. Refer to Jones (1988).
-
Although
the insect pest complex of hot peppers includes a great variety
of insects and mites, most are of minor importance as they occur
seasonally.
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The
major insect pest is the pepper flower bud moth. Although mentioned
in the TIF, there is no guide available for its management.
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A
follow -up is needed on the Jones (1988) report of the treat
posed by the wet season mite Polyphagotarsonemus latus
in Trinidad and Tobago.
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The
pesticide residue data compiled by Montalvo-Zapata et al (1988)
in Puerto Rico for non-bell peppers should provide a guide for
the Caribbean Basin. For herbicides (fluazifop-butyl); Nematicides
(fenamiphos and oxamyl); Insecticides (permethrin and acephate)
and Fungicides (benomyl).
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