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Integrated Pest Management Bibliography

Caribbean Agricultural Research and Development Institute, St. Augustine (Trinidad and Tobago); Min. of Agricultural Lands Forestry and Fisheries, St. George's (Grenada). 1992. Report on papaya workshop - management of bunchy top and bacterial decline in papaya. St. Augustine (Trinidad and Tobago); St. George's (Grenada): CARDI; MOA. 17 p. (08092/1122.C37)

IICA; Caribbean Agricultural Research and Development Institute. Bacterial decline (Erwinia sp.) an important disease of papaya in the Caribbean: How to recognize the disease? Woodbrook (Trinidad and Tobago): IICA. 10 p. (03407)

Persad, G.C. 1978. Etiology of stem canker of Carica papaya. L. St. Augustine (Trinidad and Tobago): University of the West Indies, Dept. of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture. 120 p.

An account is given of Carica papaya, its origin, distribution, taxonomy and uses in addition to the diseases of the stem and fruit. The etiology of stem canker disease, of Carica papaya observed, to date, only at the Texaco Food Crops Farm, Trinidad was investigated. The causal agent was shown to be a bacterium belonging to the genus Erwinia in the 'amylovora' group. The pathogen enters the host only through wounds, causing water-soaked spots on the petioles and stems, the latter especially in the area of the leaf axils, which later develop into cankers that girdle the stem and cause breakage in windy conditions. Diseased plants develop 'pencil-point' symptoms, in which there is a small crown of leaves, following the withering and abscission of the lower leaves. The roots of infected trees, even in advanced stages of the disease, remain healthy and the disease was shown not to be seed borne. The biochemical, physiological and morphological properties of the bacterium and described. The bacterium was found to be a Gram-negative organism which produced no florescent pigment, was oxidase negative, produced acid from glucose aerobically and anaerobically, fermented lactose, produced H2S and reduced nitrates to nitrites. The pathogen has not been reported before, and on the basis of the above characteristics a new species of Erwinia, is proposed. The bacterium was not pathogenic on a number of cultivated plants and were growing in a adjacent to diseased papaya fields. The spread of bacterial stem canker was favoured by wet conditions and arrested during periods of dry weather. In individual plots, new infections appeared to follow the direction of the prevailing wind. Epidemiological studies are discussed. (07583/1122.P4)

Webb, R.R. 1985. Epidemiology and control of bacterial canker of Papaya caused by an Erwinia sp. on St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands. PLANT DISEASE v. 69(4) p. 305-309. (00677)

PAPAYA BUNCHY TOP

Chinnery, L.E.; Waterman, A. 1996. Mycorrhizae, nematodes and bunchy top disease of papaya in Barbados. Proceedings of the 31st. Annual Meeting [of the Caribbean Food Crops Society]. Kingshill, St. Croix (US Virgin Islands): Caribbean Food Crops Society. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting [of the Caribbean Food Crops Society]; no. 31 p. 202-204. (04259)

Cooper, B.R. et al. Some nutritional aspects of bunchy top disease of papaya (Carica papaya L.). 15 p. (07059)

Davis, M.J. et al. 1996. Possible bacterial etiology of papaya bunchy top disease. Proceedings of the 31st. Annual Meeting [of the Caribbean Food Crops Society]. Kingshill, St. Croix (US Virgin Islands): Caribbean Food Crops Society. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting [of the Caribbean Food Crops Society]; no. 31 p. 74-81.

Samples from 95 papaya plants with symptoms of papaya bunchy top (PBT) were obtained with the aid of local cooperators from 12 countries throughout the American tropics. The samples were examined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the presence of 16S rRNA genes of mycoplasma-like organisms, but none were found. No differences were detectable by PCR between PBT-affected papaya DNA samples and samples from healthy plants. Abnormal fluorescence was consistently observed by epifluorescence microscopy in the region between the xylem and the phloem in transverse sections of PBT-affected petioles when stained by 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole 2HCl (DAPI) or acridine orange. Bacteria were found in the region by transmission electron microscopy. The bacteria were associated with PBT-affected, but not with healthy, papaya plants. The bacteria measured 0.25-0.35 micrometers in width and 0.8-1.6 micrometers in length and had a Gram-negative type cell envelope. All attempts to isolate the bacterium in axenic culture have failed. (04245)

Skeete, S. 1993. New approach to the control of bunchy top disease of pawpaw (Carica papaya). Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual Conference Caribbean Development Bank Barbados. [St. Michael] (Barbados): BSTA. Proceedings of Barbados Society of Technologists in Agriculture; (no. 11) p. 55-56. (03377)

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