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Integrated Pest Management Bibliography

1996. Caraphin News: Newsletter of the Caribbean Animal and Plant Health Information Network. Georgetown (Guyana): Inter-American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture. 16 p. (Caraphin news; no. 14) (07963)

Abud, A. et al. 1994. Resultados de la encuesta sobre control de plagas y enfermedades en las zonas horticolas de Azua, La Vega y region Noroeste Republica Dominicana. [Proceedings of the seminar on] integrated pest management - new strategies for the Caribbean farmer. Wageningen (The Netherlands): Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation. p. 65-107. (06547)

Alam, M.M. 1992. Biological control of insect pests of crucifers in selected West Indian islands. The Florida Entomological Society. FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST (USA) v. 75(4) p. 493-505. (09114/H10.F5)

Alam, M.M. 1991. Distribution, host plants and natural enemies of cabbage bud-worm (Hellula phidilealis (Walker) in the Caribbean. Isabela (Puerto Rico): CFCS. Proceedings of the Twenty Fifth Annual Meeting of Caribbean Food Crops Society, 1-6 July 1989; v. 25 p. 419-425. (03942)

Alam, M.M. 1996. Fluctuations in the populations of Plutella xylostella, Trichoplusia ni, Bemisia tabaci and their natural enemies in Jamaica. Mona (Jamaica): University of the West Indies. 280 p. (06464)

Alebeek, F.A.N. van. Integrated pest management: a catalogue of training and extension materials for projects in tropical and subtropical regions. Ede (The Netherlands): Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation. 305 p. (01391)

Ambrose, E.C.; Dugas, R. (eds.). Proceedings of the sixth meeting of the Technical Advisory Committee of Plant Protection Directors Caribbean area, Castries, St. Lucia, 11-12 June 1990. Castries (St. Lucia): Inter-American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture. 103 p. (02055)

Ananda Kumar, P. et al. 1996. Insecticidal proteins of Bacillus thuringiensis. Academic Press. 43 p. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY v. 42. (07302/H20.K86)

Andrews, K.L. et al. 1992. Enhancing biological control's contributions to integrated pest management through appropriate levels of farmer participation. The Florida Entomological Society. FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST (USA) v. 75(4)) p. 429-439. (09107/H10.F5)

Azael, A. 1993. Simple neem-based insecticide and use by Haitian small farmers in Haiti. Proceedings of the Twenty Eighth Annual Meeting of the Caribbean Food Crops Society. Santo Domingo (Republica Dominicana): Fundacion de Desarrollo Agropecuario. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Caribbean Food Crops Society; v. 28. (04439) p. 90-91.

Baker, P.S. et al. 1992. Overview of Biological Control of Lepidoptera in the Caribbean. The Florida Entomological Society. FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST (USA) v. 75(4) p. 477-483. (09112/H10.F5)

Balfour, A. 1999. An integrated pest management approach to the control of rats and mice in stored dry corn. Port of Spain (Trinidad and Tobago): Ministry of Agriculture, Land and Marine Resources. 3 p. (09793/H10.B35)

Barbercheck, M.E. 1992. Effect of soil physical factors on biological control agents of soil insect pests. The Florida Entomological Society. FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST (USA) v. 75(4)) p. 539-548. (09119/H10.F5)

Barfield, C.S.; Swisher, M. 1994. Training-driven research: the fourth model for developing IPM strategies. [Proceedings of the seminar on] integrated pest management - new strategies for the Caribbean farmer. Wageningen (The Netherlands): Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation. p. 109-128. (06548)

Barjac, H. de. [nd]. Operational bacterial insecticides and their potential for future improvement. BIOTECHNOLOGY IN INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY AND CELL CULTURE p. 63-73. (02714)

Bater, J.E. 1991. A trap design for combined insect emergence and soil arthropod extraction from soil. AGRICULTURE ECOSYSTEMS ENVIRONMENT v. 34(1-4) p. 231-234.

For insect sampling on large-scale field experiments or sites situated in difficult terrain, e.g. woodlands, it may be desirable to use techniques that allow more than one operation to be carried out simultaneously. Equipment should be lightweight, durable easy to construct from readily available materials, and allow easy retrieval, transportation and processing of samples. The following trap design attempts to combine the monitoring of insect emergence, with the extraction of soil arthropods from the same soil sample. (01359)

Bedding, R. 1990. Logistics and strategies for introducing entomopathogenic nematode technology into developing countries. Entomopathogenic nematodes in biological control. Florida (USA): CRC Press. p. 233-246. (02628)

Begley, J.W. 1990. Efficacy against insects in habitats other than soil. Entomopathogenic nematodes in biological control. Florida (USA): CRC Press. p. 215-231. (02629)

Browning, H.W. 1992. Overview of biological control of homopterous pests in the Caribbean. Florida Entomological Society. FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST (USA) v. 75(4) p. 440-446. (09108/H10.F5)

Browning, H.W. 1991. Rearing parasites of stalk-boring Lepidoptera attacking graminaceous plants. In ADAP Crop Protection Conference Proceedings 1989. Honolulu (Hawaii): HITAHR. (Research Extension Series; no. 134) p. 116-124. (06750)

Buckingham, J.R. 1992. Role of quarantine facilities in biological control. Florida Entomological Society. FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST (USA) v. 75(4) p. 414-420. (09105/H10.F5)

Campbell, L.R.; Gaugler, R. 1991. Mechanisms for exsheathment of entomopathogenic nematodes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY v. 21(2) p. 219-224.

Infective juveniles of the entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernema carpocapsae (All and Mexican strains) and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (HB1 and NC1 strains) are ensheathed in a cuticle retained from the previous moult. Exsheathment marks the transition from the free-living to the parasitic life cycle. Chemical and non-chemical exsheathment methods were examined. S. carpocapsae exsheaths more readily than H. bacteriophora . Movement on a substrate increased exsheathment in S. carpocapsae but had no effect on H. bacteriophora. Exposure to 1 percent sodium hypochlorite for 5 min resulted in nearly 100 percent sheath removal in both species. Storage increased exsheathment, with greater than 70 percent exsheathed in both species after 64 days at 7 deg C. Agitation and carbon dioxide did not stimulate exsheathment. Temperature alone did not stimulate exsheathment however, increased temperatures accelerated exsheathment during storage. The availability of reliable exsheathment methods will enable analysis of exsheathment behaviour and clarification of the role of the sheath in entomopathogenic nematodes. (01362)

Capinera, J.L. 1992. Potential for biological control of soil insects in the Caribbean Basin using entomopathogenic nematodes. The Florida Entomological Society. FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST (USA) v. 75(4) p. 525-532. (09117/H10.F5)

Chitwood, D. 1990. Control pests with nematodes. FRUIT GROWER v. 110(2) p. 9. (01345)

Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research. 1995. Integrated pest management at the international agricultural research centers. Washington DC (USA): CGIAR. 18 p. (06510)

Cruz, C.; Segarra, A. 1992. Potential for biological control of crop pests in the Caribbean. Florida Entomological Society. p. 400-405. FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST (USA) v. 75(4)) (09103/H10.F5)

Dales, M.J. 1996. Review of plant materials used for controlling insect pests of stored products. Chatham (UK): Natural Resources Institute. 84 p. (Natural Resources Institute Bulletin; no. 65) (08927/J11.D35)

Dent, D. 1991. Insect pest management. Wallingford (UK): CAB International. 604 p. (02508)

Denton, G.R.W. et al. 1991. Biology and natural enemies of the fruit-piercing moth Othreis fullonia (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) from Guam. Honolulu (Hawaii): HITAHR. (Research Extension Series; no. 134) (06758)

Dipotaroeno-Sakrama, M. 1994. Development and application of IPM in Suriname. [Proceedings of the seminar on] integrated pest management - new strategies for the Caribbean farmer. Wageningen (The Netherlands): Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation. p. 389-397. (06576)

Distribution map for diamond-back moth (Plutella xylostella), Cabbage semi-looper (Trichoplusia ni, Sweetpotato whitefly (Bemisia tabaci), Armyworms (Spodoptera latifascia). (02515)

Doharey, R.B. et al. 1990. Eco-toxicological studies on pulse beetles infesting green gram. 4. Comparative efficacy of some edible oils for the protection of green gram (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek against pulse beetles Callosobruchus chinensis (L.)and Callosobruchus maculatus (F.). BULLETIN OF GRAIN TECHNOLOGY v. 28(2) p. 116-119.

All the edible oils provided protection, but coconut, groundnut and mustard oils at 1.0 (w/w) concentration appeared particularly promising than the remaining oils as complete protection against both the pulse beetles Callosobruchus chinensis (L.) and Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) was achieved 6 months after treatment. All the edible oils were found more efficacious than malathion which indicated superiority of oils over malathion. Sunflower oil at all the concentrations against C. chinensis and safflower oil against C. maculatus were found less effective after 6 months of treatment. (01327)

Dunphy, G.B.; Thurston, G.S. 1990. Insect immunity. Entomopathogenic nematodes in biological control. Florida (USA): CRC Press. p. 301-323. (02626)

Edelson, J.V. et al. 1993. Control of insect pests on broccoli in Southern Texas: a comparison between synthetic organic insecticides and biorational treatments. JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE v. 28(2) p. 191-196

Biorational and synthetic organic insecticide application regimes were evaluated for management of key pests of broccoli in southern Texas. Broccoli plants were grown in small replicated plots and pests were managed either under a regime of synthetic organic insecticides or biorational techniques (Bacillus thuringiensis and/or fatty acid soap applications and inundative releases of Chrysoperla carnea). Effectiveness of treatments was evaluated by comparing insect populations and number of broccoli heads harvested from plots. The biorational and synthetic organic insecticides were equally effective in controlling lepidopterous pests but the biorational regime required a greater number of applications for effective control. Neither inundative releases of C. chrysoperla eggs and larvae nor applications of a fatty acid soap were effective in reducing aphid populations. Applications of synthetic organic insecticides were effective when applied solely for aphid control or as a control for lepidopterous larvae. (03239)

Ehler, L.E. 1990. Some contemporary issues in biological control of insects and their relevance to the use of entomopathogenic nematodes. Entomopathogenic nematodes in biological control. Florida (USA): CRC Press. p. 1-19. (02627)

El Laithy, A.Y.M.; Fouly, A.H. 1992. Life table parameters of the two phytoseiid predators Amblyseius scutalis (Athias-Henriot) and A. swirskii A.H (Acari, Phytoseiidae) in Egypt. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY (no. 113) p. 8-12. (03995)

Elbert, A. et al. 1990. Imidacloprid, a novel systemic nitromethylene analogue insecticide for crop protection. In: Brighton Crop Protection Conference, Pests and Diseases. s.l. : British Crop Protection Council. p. 21-28.

Imidacloprid is a highly effective insecticide with low mammalian toxicity, for control of sucking insects such as aphids, leaf-hoppers and planthoppers, thrips and white flies including resistant strains. It is also effective against Coleoptera (e.g. Atomaria sp., Leptinotarsa decemlineata, Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus, Lema oryzae), Diptera (e.g. Oscinella frit and Pegomya sp.) and Lepidoptera (e.g. Lithocolletis sp.). No activity was found against nematodes and spider mites. Due to its excellent systemic characteristics, the product is especially appropriate for seed treatment and granular application. Effective early season control with long-lasting production is achieved in crops such as cereals, maize, rice, potatoes, sugar beet and cotton. Pests attacking later in the season can be controlled by foliar applications in the above mentioned crops, as well as in citrus, deciduous fruits, vegetables and other crops. The product will be marketed under the names Gaucho for seed treatment and Confidor for foliar and soil application (in Japan: Admire). Selected trials on the biological activity of imidacloprid in both laboratory and field are presented and discussed. (01361)

Esguerra, N.M. 1991. Control of the leafminer Liriomyza trifolii Burgess (Diptera: Agromyzidae) and cowpea aphid, Aphis craccivora Koch (Homoptera: Aphididae), on yardlong beans with some insecticides. ADAP Crop Protection Conference 1989. Honolulu (Hawaii): HITAHR. (Research Extension Series; no.134) p. 12-13. (06727)

Ferguson, J.S. 1992. Biological control: an industrial perspective. Florida Entomological Society. FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST (USA) v. 75(4 p. 421-429. (09106/H10.F5)

Flint, M.L.; Roberts, P.A. Using crop diversity to manage pest problems: Some California examples. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ALTERNATIVE AGRICULTURE v. 3(4) p. 163-167.

Moderate to large scale California growers (as well as small scale ones) manipulate cropping patterns in a number of ways to reduce pest problems. Crop rotation, which can be defined as diversifying crops over time is used to manage selected pests, primarily weeds, pathogens, and nematodes. As a substitute for pesticides, crop rotation has been most rewarding in the control of nematodes; sugar beet cyst and root knot nematode examples are detailed. Some pests that invade fields from nearby areas can be managed by modifying adjacent cropping patterns or practices; Pierce's disease of grapes, sugar beet yellows and border harvesting of alfalfa are given as examples. Finally, multiple crops can be grown within a single field or orchard. Although this approach is not widely practiced by many California growers, two examples of systems where intercropping has been shown to limit pest numbers without the use of pesticides are described: intercropping of cotton with alfalfa and companion planting oats when seeding alfalfa. These examples show that using crop diversification to manage pests is feasible but growers must be strongly motivated to make the necessary changes in cropping patterns. Most of the systems that have been widely adopted are those for which few other economically feasible methods were available. (01061)

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 1994. Code of conduct for the import and release of biological control agents. Rome (Italy): FAO. 14 p. (04210)

Fortune, M.; Dilbar, A. 1996. New diseases of mango (Mangifera indica), passion fruit (Passiflora edulis var flavicarpa) and pommecythere (Spondias cytherea) and their threat to sustainable agriculture. Agriculture in a changing economic environment: Proceedings of the [NIHERST] Seventh Annual Seminar on Agricultural Research, 9-10 November 1993. Port of Spain (Trinidad and Tobago): National Institute of Higher Education Research Science and Technology. p. 68-75. (07620)

Gambino, P. et al. 1992. Field test of the nematode Steinenema feltiae (Nematoda: Steinernematidae) against yellow jacket colonies (Hym.: vespidae). ENTOMOPHAGA v. 37(1) p. 107-114.

The insect parasitic nematode Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser) was applied to 4 colonies of Vespula wasps in the field. At all treated colonies worker activity was reduced by at least 50 percent after one week. Two treated colonies partially recovered, and 2 colonies were completed destroyed. Vespula workers removed nematode-killed and dying nestmates from treated colonies. The results suggest that under certain conditions, nematodes could be used as biological control agents of yellowjackets. (03257)

Gautam, R.D. 1994. Biological pest suppression. New Delhi (India): Westvill Publishing House. 221 p. (07606/H10.G3)

Gelernter, W.D. 1992. Application of biotechnology for improvement of Bacillus thuringiensis based products and their use for control of lepidopteran pests in the Caribbean. The Florida Entomological Society. FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST (USA) v. 75(4) p. 484-493. (09113/H10.F5)

George, R. 1994. Integrated pest management for Antigua and Barbuda: implications for use and current practices. [Proceedings of the seminar on] integrated pest management - new strategies for the Caribbean farmer. Wageningen (The Netherlands): Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation. p. 347-353. (06570)

Georgis, R. 1990. Commercialization of steinernematid and heterorhabditid entomopathogenic nematodes. In: Proceedings of Brighton Crop Protection Conference - pests and diseases. British Crop Protection Council. p. 275-280.

Steinernematid and heterorhabditid nematode-based products are commercially available for insect control. Recent developments in mass rearing through liquid fermentation have enabled the nematodes to become economically competitive with chemical insecticides in certain market segments. Substantial improvement in formulation stability and shelf life has been developed by immobilizing or partially desiccating large numbers of nematodes on specific carriers such as clay, polyacrylamide and alginate gels. Large-scale application of nematodes is now feasible due to the ease of mixing and applying these formulations. Standardized protocols and multiple tests are needed to understand the impact of abiotic factors in insect-nematode interactions, thus optimizing nematode efficacy. (01358)

Gibson, R.W.; Sweetmore, A. (eds.). 1992. Proceedings of a seminar on crop protection for resource-poor farmers, East Sussex, UK, 4-8 Nov 1991. Wageningen (Netherlands): Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation. 168 p. (02482)

Greathead, D.J. 1990. Biological control in developing countries: towards its wider application in sustainable pest management. MEDEDELINGEN VAN DE FACULTEIT LANDBOUWWETENSCHAPPEN, RIJKSUNIVERSITEIT GENT (BELGIUM) v. 55(2a) p. 217-223.

Biological control - by introduction, augmentation or conservation of natural enemies - offers more or less target specific pest control, which may be indefinitely sustainable at little or no recurrent cost. Therefore, it should be attractive, not only as a means of solving major pest problems of overriding importance (such as invading exotic insect pests and weeds), but also as one of the central components of pest management in specific cropping systems. However, world-wide surveys indicate that the adoption of biological control as a pest control strategy varies greatly between region, countries and crops. Some reasons for this uneven uptake will be discussed. (01826)

Grenada Cocoa Association; Pan American Development Foundation, Mt Horne (Grenada). Time to tackle termites (Wood ants). Mt Horne (Grenada): The Association. 5 p. (07805/2210.G7)

Hall, R.A. 1994. Insect pathogens in the integrated pest management for the Caribbean. [Proceedings of the seminar on] integrated pest management - new strategies for the Caribbean farmer. Wageningen (The Netherlands): Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation. p. 149-161. (06551)

Hall, R.A. et al. 1992. Microbial control projects in Trinidad and Tobago. Proceedings of the sixth annual seminar on agricultural research. Port-of-Spain (Trinidad and Tobago): NIHERST. p. 40-48.

New biological control projects have been established in Trinidad as a result of increasing problems with chemical control which can pose health problems for consumers, threaten the well-being of the environment and compromise the ability of producers to export to the major markets owing to ever-more strict residue regulations in those countries. The principle pests of vegetables and sugarcane are being targeted - whitefly (Bemisia tabaci), Thrips palmi, caterpillars (Plutella xylostella, Hellula phidilealis) and sugarcane froghopper (Aeneolamia varia)- and the microbiological agents being evaluated include fungi, bacteria (Bacillus thuringiensis), and viruses. During the short time that the biological control laboratory has been functioning, considerable progress has been made in attaining our preliminary objectives, including the development of efficient mass-production systems for fungi and bacteria, the laboratory rearing of "difficult" insects and the development of specialised laboratory bioassay techniques with which to accurately quantify the abilities of pathogens to infect and control pest insects - at least one technique is likely to become a standard for the other laboratories abroad. A range of pathogens has been isolated in Trinidad including the first ever isolation and culture of a pathogen from the global pest, Thrips palmi. Fundamental studies have led to the discovery of methods of activating fungal spores which could lead to highly significant increases in field pathogenicity and thus more effective microbial insecticides (05887)

Hammerton, G. 1994. Integrated pest management in the Bahamas. [Proceedings of the seminar on] integrated pest management - new strategies for the Caribbean farmer. Wageningen (The Netherlands): Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation. p. 355-356. (06571)

Hara, A.H. et al. 1991. Biological control potential of entomopathogenic nematodes against insect pests in the Pacific. ADAP Crop Protection Conference Proceedings 1989. Honolulu (Hawaii): HITAHR. (Research Extension Series; no. 134) p. 133-136. (06754)

Hawksworth, D.L. 1991. The biodiversity of microorganisms and invertebrates: Its role in sustainable agriculture. Wallingford (UK): CAB International. 302 p. (07392/H10.H3)

Hawksworth, D.L. (ed). 1994. The identification and characterization of pest organisms. Proceedings of the Third Workshop on the Ecological Foundations of Sustainable Agriculture (WEFSA III). Wallingford (UK): CAB International. (07391/H10.H3)

Hirae, H.H. et al. 1991. Herbigation in an irrigated macadamia nut orchard. ADAP Crop Protection Conference Proceedings 1989. Honolulu (Hawaii): HITAHR. (Research Extension Series; no. 134) 38-42 (06734)

Hokkanen, H.M.T. 1991. Trap cropping in pest management. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY v. 36 p. 119-138.

Although trap cropping has successfully been employed against parasitic plant, nematodes, and insects, this review concentrates only on its direct use against insect pests. (02720)

Holl, K. et al. 1990. Integrated pest management in Latin America. ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION (SWITZERLAND) v. 17(4) p. 341-350. (01817)

Hominick, W.M.; Reid, A.P. 1990. Perspectives on entomopathogenic nematology. Entomopathogenic nematodes in biological control. Florida (USA): CRC Press. p. 327-345. (02521)

Hruska, A.J. 1995. Emerging issues in IPM technology transfer for resource-poor farmers. IPM implementation workshop for Central America and the Caribbean: workshop proceedings. Chatham (UK): NRI. 16 p. (09307/H10.N39)

Ignoffo, C.M. 1992. Environmental factors affecting persistence of entomopathogens. The Florida Entomological Society. FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST (USA) v. 75(4) p. 516-525. (09116/H10.F5)

Iles, M.; Conroy, C. 1994. Assessing the relative importance of crop pests at the national level. [Proceedings of the seminar on] integrated pest management - new strategies for the Caribbean farmer. Wageningen (The Netherlands): Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation. p. 47-51. (06545)

Iles, M.; Conroy, C. 1994. Economics of pest control on small holder farms. [Proceedings of the seminar on] integrated pest management - new strategies for the Caribbean farmer. Wageningen (The Netherlands): Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation. p. 275-282. (06564)

Iles, M.J.; Sweetmore, A. (eds.). 1991. Constraints on the adoption of IPM in developing countries - a survey. Kent (United Kingdom): National Resources Institute. 36 p. (06873)

International Foundation for Science, Stockholm (Sweden). 1995. Techniques in Plant-insect interactions and biopesticides. Santiago (Chile): IFS. 227 p. (07597/H10.I5)

Johnson, M.W. et al. 1991. 1989 ADAP crop protection conference proceedings. Honolulu (Hawaii): University of Hawaii. College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources. 180 p. (HITAHR Research Extension Series; (no.134)) (02266/H01.J6)

Jones, J.E. 1994. Status of current strategies in Barbados for control of whiteflies, Thrips palmi and related diseases. [Proceedings of the seminar on] integrated pest management - new strategies for the Caribbean farmer. Wageningen (The Netherlands): Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation. p. 29-35. (06543)

Jones, T.H. et al. 1990. An expert system for management of Delia coarctata (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) in the United Kingdom. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY v. 83(5) p. 2065-2072. (00611)

Jones, V.P.; Johnson, M.W. 1991. Advances in integration of pesticide effects on plant physiology into IPM programs. ADAP Crop Protection Conference Proceedings 1989. Honolulu (Hawaii): HITAHR. (HITAHR Research Extension Series; no. 134) p. 97-100. (06747)

Kairo, M. 1998. Crop protection in the new millennium: meeting the challenges. The 9th Seminar on Agricultural Research and Development. Port-of-Spain (Trinidad and Tobago): NIHERST. p. 276-282. (08853/A50.N37)

Kaya, H.K. 1990. Entomopathogenic nematodes in biological control of insects. New directions in biological control: alternatives for suppressing agricultural pests and diseases. Proceedings of a UCLA Colloquium held in Frisco, Colorado 20-27 Jan 1989. New York (USA): Alan R. Liss. P. 189-198.

Entomopathogenic nematodes in the general Steninernema and Heterorhabditis occur naturally in soil and are logical biological control agents for many soil-inhabiting insect pests. However, inundative applications in the field have been inconsistent. Increased host finding ability through genetic manipulation of nematodes and survival through improved formulations may lead to consistent results. In our laboratory, the importance of alternate insect hosts in recycling and persistence of the nematodes in soil has been demonstrated. On the other hand, a fungal pathogen may adversely affect persistence depending on the nematodes' behaviour and the presence or absence of a second-stage cuticle ensheathing the infective nematode. (01367)

Kehat, M. et al. 1991. Effect of bait on capture of Heliothis virescens males (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in two different traps. FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST v. 74(2) p. 362-365. (02195)

Khloptseva, R.I. 1991. The use of entomophages in biological pest control in the USSR. BIOCONTROL NEWS AND INFORMATION v. 12(3) p. 243-246.

In the USSR considerable attention in pest control is given to biological methods using entomophagous arthropods (entomophages). Egg parasitoids of the genus Trichogramma and the larval parasitoid Bracon hebetor are the most used species in plant protection practices, covering a total area of 18.7 million ha. Entomophages are especially important in the development of the biological control method against pests of vegetable crops in sheltered cultivation. (01364)

Kim, L. 1993. Advanced engineered pesticides. New York : Marcel Dekker. 430 p. (00024/H20.K5)

Kiritani, K.; Su, H. 1999. Papaya ring spot, banana bunchy top and citrus greening in the Asia Pacific Region: occurrence and control strategy. JAPAN AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH QUARTERLY (JAPAN) v. 33(1). (09128)

Klein, M.G. 1990. Efficacy against soil - inhabiting insect pests. Entomopathogenic nematodes in biological control . Florida (USA): CRC Press. p. 195-214. (02522)

Leifert, C. et al. 1991. Contaminants of plant-tissue and cell cultures. WORLD JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY v. 7 p. 452-469.

This review describes (1) bacteria, yeasts, fungi, thrips and mites found as contaminants and their effect on plants growing in vitro; (2) methods used for detecting such contaminants and the source of contamination; and (3) methods for their prevention/or elimination. (02165)

Lewis, W.J. et al. 1990. Variations in parasitoid foraging behaviour: essential element of a sound biological control theory. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY v. 19(5) p. 1183-1193.

Intraspecific intrinsic variation in foraging behaviour is a common but often overlooked feature of parasitoids. These variations result from adaptations to the variety of foraging circumstances encountered by individuals of the species. We discuss the importance of understanding the mechanisms governing these intrinsic variations and the development of technologies to manage them. Three major sources of variation in foraging behaviour are identified. One source for variation is genotypically fixed differences among individuals that are adapted for different foraging environments. (00192/L02.L49)

Lopez, V.F.; Dowlath, P. 1998. The need for an IPM programme for vegetable crops in Trinidad. The 9th Seminar on Agricultural Research and Development. Port-of-Spain (Trinidad and Tobago): NIHERST. p. 217-223. (08848/A50.N37)

Malena, C. 1995. Gender issues in integrated pest management in African agriculture. Chatham (UK): NRI. 27 p. (NRI Socio-economic series; no. 5) (07403/E50.M3)

Marshall, G.; Walters, D. (eds.). 1994. Molecular biology in crop protection. London (UK): Chapman and Hall. 283 p. (08935/H20.M37)

McDonald, D. 1991. Biopesticides - pesticides with a bright future? INTERNATIONAL PEST CONTROL (UK) v. 33(2) p. 33-35, 41. (01814)

McDonald, R.C.; Kok, L.T. 1992. Colonization and hyperparasitism of Cotesia rubecula (Hym: Braconidae) a newly introduced parasite of Pieris rapae in Virginia. ENTOMOPHAGA v. 37(2) p. 223-228. (02764)

Mengech, A.N. et al. (eds.). 1995. Integrated pest management in the tropics: current status and future prospects. Chichester (UK): John Wiley. 171 p. (09598/H10.M46)

Metcalf, R.L.; Luckmann, W.H. (eds.). 1982. Introduction to insect pest management. ISBN 0-471-08547-2. New York (USA). 1982. (Environmental Science and Technology) (09891/H10.M48)

Miles, J.E. et al. 1991. Chromolaena odorata (Asteraceae) in the Republic of Palau. ADAP Crop Protection Conference Proceedings 1989. Honolulu (Hawaii): HITAHR. (HITAHR Research Extension Series; no. 134) p. 9-11. (06726)

Muller, G. et al. 1990. The significance of nutmeg wilt and the problem of defective nutmegs to the Grenada nutmeg industry. St Augustine (Trinidad and Tobago): CARDI; BDDC. 42 p. (07470/2310.M8)

Munroe, L.A. 1994. Integrated pest management in Guyana. [Proceedings of the seminar on] integrated pest management - new strategies for the Caribbean farmer. Wageningen (The Netherlands): Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation. p. 361-369. (06573)

Murray, R.C. 1994. Control of important pests and diseases of major crops in Jamaica: the status of IPM. [Proceedings of the seminar on] integrated pest management - new strategies for the Caribbean farmer. Wageningen (The Netherlands): Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation. p. 371-383. (06574)

Nafus, D.N.; Schreiner, I.H. 1991. Comparison of insect populations on trellised and non-trellised cucumber. ADAP Crop Protection Conference Proceedings 1989. Honolulu (Hawaii): HITAHR. (HITAHR Research Extension Series; no. 134). p. 6-8. (06762)

Nation, B. 1994. Integrated pest management in the Commonwealth of Dominica. [Proceedings of the seminar on] integrated pest management - new strategies for the Caribbean farmer. Wageningen (The Netherlands): Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation. p. 357-359. (06572)

National Biological Control Institute, USA. 1995. Biological control: Learning to live with the natural order. Disney. (08018)

Natural Resources Institute, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime Kent (UK). 1996. Groundnuts. Chatham (UK): NRI. 348 p. (PANS Pest Control Series; no. 2) (08022/0332.N7)

Natural Resources Institute, Chatham (UK). 1995. IPM implementation workshop for Central America and the Caribbean: workshop proceedings. Chatham (UK): NRI. 16 p. (09304/H10.N39)

Natural Resources Institute, Chatham (UK). 1991. A synopsis of integrated pest management in developing countries in the tropics. Chatham (UK): NRI. 19 p. (08887/H10.S96)

Natural Resources Institute, Kent (UK). 1992. A synopsis of integrated pest management in developing countries in the tropics: synthesis report commissioned by the Integrated Pest Management Working Group. Kent (UK): NRI. 20 p. (07344/H10.N7)

Norton, G.A.; Mumford, J.D. (eds.). 1993. Decision tools for pest management. Wallingford, OX (United Kingdom): CAB International. xii, 279 p. (09892/H10.N67)

Nwanze, K.F.; Youm, O. (eds.). 1995. Panicle insect pests of sorghum and pearl millet. Patancheru (India): International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics. 316 p. (08866/H10.N93)

Obrycki, J.J. 1992. Techniques for the evaluation of predators of Homoptera. The Florida Entomological Society. FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST (USA) v. 75(4) p. 472-476. (09111/H10.F5)

Oi, D.H. 1991. Investing in biological control: initiation of a parasite mass rearing program for macadamia nut orchards in Hawaii. ADAP Crop Protection Conference Proceedings 1989. Honolulu (Hawaii): HITAHR. (Research Extension Series; no. 134) p. 128-130. (06752)

Osborne, C. 1993. Integrated pest management: a case study of HASP. Proceedings of the Twenty Eighth Annual Meeting of the Caribbean Food Crops Society. Santo Domingo (Republica Dominicana): Fundacion de Desarrollo Agropecuario. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Caribbean Food Crops Society; v. 28. (04439) p. 40-54.

Osman, M.Z.; Bradley, J. 1993. Effects of neem seed extracts on Pholeastor (Apanteles) glomeratus L (Hym., Braconidae), a parasitoid of Pieries brassicae L. (Lep., Pieridae). Berlin (Germany): Verlag Paul Parey. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY v. 115 (07177/2891.O86)

Pauvert, P. 1991. Studies on legumes powdery mildew (Erysiphe polygoni D.C.) in Guadeloupe. Caribbean Food Crops Society. Antilles-Guyane (Guadeloupe): INRA. Proceedings of the Twenty-fifth Annual Meeting 1989; v. 25 p. 553-562. (03525)

Pavis, C.; Kermarrec, A. (eds.). 1990. Caribbean meetings on biological control. Point a Pitre (Guadeloupe): Institute National de la Recherche Agronomique. 569 p. ([Proceedings of the] Caribbean Meetings on Biological Control; no. 58) (08023/H10.P3)

Pavis, C.; Kermarrec, A. (eds.). 1991. [Proceedings of the] Caribbean Meetings on Biological Control. Paris (France): National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA). 570 p. (04570)

Pearce, M.J. 1997. Termites: biology and pest management. Oxon (United Kingdom): CAB International. 172 p. (06456)

Pedigo, L.P. 1991. Concepts and advances in economic thresholds for IPM. ADAP Crop Protection Conference Proceedings 1989. Honolulu (Hawaii): HITAHR. (HITAHR Research Extension Series; no. 134) p. 79-86. (06744)

Persad, C. 1996. Diseases of minor fruits and disease management strategies. Third Regional Workshop on Tropical Fruits. Port-of-Spain (Trinidad and Tobago): IICA Office in (Trinidad and Tobago). (IICA Miscellaneous Publication; A2/TT-94-02) p. 100-105. (09008/1100.I58)

Pieterse, A.H.; Blokland, A. 1995. Draft guidelines for environmental impact assessment (EIA) of integrated pest management projects (IPM). Amsterdam (The Netherlands): Royal Tropical Institute. 50 p. (09625/H10.P54)

Pimentel, D. 1991. Diversification of biological control strategies in agriculture. CROP PROTECTION v. 10(4) p. 243-253.

The objective of this paper is to examine the possibility of diversifying biological controls in agriculture. In addition to including natural enemies in the definition of biological control, host-plant resistance is included because, as mentioned, this technology is a form of biological control that also could benefit from diversification. (02718)

Pollard, G.V. 1984. Insect pests of plant quarantine importance for the Caribbean. I. Life history, economic importance and distribution. 26 p. (00917)

Pollard, G.V. 1984. Insect pests of plant quarantine importance for the Caribbean. II Control and Eradication programmes. St. Augustine (Trinidad and Tobago): 13 p. (00919)

Pollard, G.V. 1995. Integrated pest management (IPM): concept, definition, philosophy and constraints. IPM implementation workshop for Central America and the Caribbean: workshop proceedings. Chatham (UK): NRI. 16 p. (09305/H10.N39)

Pollard, G.V. 1990. Report on vegetable production in the Caribbean and strategies for management of major insect and mite pests attacking vegetables. Santiago (Chile): FAO. 41 p. (04490)

Pollard, G.V. 1993. The role of crop protection in sustainable crop production. Proceedings of the Sixth Annual Seminar on Agricultural Research: Sustainable Agriculture. Port-of-Spain (Trinidad and Tobago): NIHERST. p. 3-12. (09042/A50.N37)

Pollard, G.V. Update on new pest introductions. 3 p. (08449/H10.P64)

Popov, G.B. et al. 1994. The Moruga grasshopper in Trinidad: Coscineuta virens (Thunberg 1815) (Acrididae: Proctolabinae). 12 p. (08336/H10.P66)

Prokopy, R.J.; Christie, M. 1992. Studies on releases of mass-reared organophosphate resistant Amblyseius fallacis (Garm.) predatory mites in Massachusetts’s commercial apple orchards. Berlin (Germany): Verlah Paul Parey. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY (no. 114) p. 131-137. (07175/0710.P76)

Raj, D.; Kanwar, B.B. 1990. Minimizing insecticide use against cauliflower pests in India. TROPICAL PEST MANAGEMENT (UK) v. 36(1) p. 10-14. (00642)

Rajnauth, G.L. 1994. Integrated pest management in Trinidad and Tobago. [Proceedings of the seminar on] integrated pest management - new strategies for the Caribbean farmer. Wageningen (The Netherlands): Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation. p. 399-408. (06577)

Rajnauth, G.L.; St Hill, A. 1989. Feasibility of soil solarization in the control of soil-borne pathogens in Trinidad and Tobago. Agricultural Research Nov 1989. Port of Spain (Trinidad and Tobago): NIHERST. Proceedings of the Third Annual Seminar on Agricultural Research; v. 3 p. 24-34. (03776)

Ramirez, O. 1995. Creating IPM technologies for use in Central America and the Caribbean. IPM implementation workshop for Central America and the Caribbean: workshop proceedings. Chatham (UK): NRI. 16 p. (09306/H10.N39)

Rathman, R.J. et al. 1991. Insecticide studies on three leafminer parasitoids in Hawaii. ADAP Crop Protection Conference Proceedings 1989. Honolulu (Hawaii): HITAHR. (Research Extension Series; no. 134) p. 141-145. (06756)

Reid, J. et al. 1995. CARDI annual report 1995 - hillside farmer support project: coffee rust component. 14 p. (06046)

Reid, J.C. 1995. The effects of markets on IPM implementation: domestic consumption, export crops, residues and consumer demand. IPM implementation workshop for Central America and the Caribbean: workshop proceedings. Chatham (UK): NRI. 16 p. (09308/H10.N39)

Report of the seminar on integrated pest management in food crops, held in Dominica in September 1991. Series: PROVEG-31. (01940)

Rosen, D.; De Bach, P. 1992. Foreign exploration: the key to classical biological control. Florida Entomological Society. FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST (USA) v. 75(4)) p. 409-413. (09104/H10.F5)

Saini, R.K.; Haskell, P.T. (eds.) 1993. Community-based and environmentally safe pest management. Nairobi (Kenya): ICIPE Science Press. 199 p. (06679)

Salama, H.S. et al. 1992. Mode of action of chemical additives in enhancing the potency of Bacillus thuringiensis against lepidopterous insects. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY v. 114(2) p. 167-173.

Ultra-sonication of Dipel 2X (R) suspension (Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki HD-1) followed by combining it with non-toxic chemical additives or exposure to dynamic magnetic field and its enhancing effect on the potency against Spodoptera littoralis has been investigated. Sonication coupled with or without chemical additives led to an increase in the endotoxin protein solubility, as well as sulphahydryl content, enthalpy and entropy. The existence of the endotoxin protein in the forms of trimer, dimer and monomer was demonstrated by chromatography. The cleavage of dimer and monomer from the trimer protein occurred more obviously, when guaindine sulphate was added after sonication. A similar mode of action occurred when sonication of B. thuringiensis was followed by exposure to dynamic magnetic field. (03241)

Saito, T. [1993?]. An approach to the sustainable integrated pest management: in special reference to insecticide management. Proceedings of the 10th Conference on Methodological Techniques in Biological Science, November 18-20 1992, Central Laboratory and Greenhouse Complex, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand. (02308)

Sarah, J.L. 1990. Pests damaging pineapple roots. ACTA HORTICULTURAE no. 275 p. 671-678. (08588/1126.S27)

Schmutterer, H. 1990. Properties and potential of natural pesticides from the Neem tree, Azadirachta indica. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY v. 35 p. 271-297. (00485)

Schreiner, I.H. 1991. Developing pest management strategies for cucumbers in Micronesia. ADAP Crop Protection Conference Proceedings 1989. Honolulu (Hawaii): HITAHR. (Research Extension Series; no. 134) p. 60-62. (06740)

Schulten, G.G.M. 1990. Needs and constraints of integrated pest management in developing countries. MEDEDELINGEN VAN DE FACULTEIT LANDBOUWWETENSCHAPPEN, RIJKSUNIVERSITEIT GENT (BELGIUM) v. 55(2a) p. 207-216.

Integrated pest management (IPM) nowadays is seen worldwide as the strategy for pest control in sustainable agricultural production systems. It is however widely recognized that effective implementation of IPM is still very limited in particular in developing countries. In coming decades, it is likely that pesticides will remain a commonly used tool to control pests and their use is expected to increase. Costs of pesticides are however increasing. The capability in many countries to handle problems related to pesticide use is insufficient. There are increasing concerns about environmental contamination. Resistance to pesticides is spreading. Development and introduction of IPM practices where possible is of the highest importance. There are however many constraints which prevent or delay the ready acceptance of IPM at farmer level, such as weak plant protection infrastructures, assumed crop losses, pesticide subsidies and donation, lack of information and trained manpower, conflicts of interest and insufficient coordination between International Assistance Agencies. FAO's experiences with respect to promotion of IPM will be briefly discussed. (01825)

Seales, J. 1997. Control measures for pests and diseases of tomatoes, hot and sweet peppers and melongene. Centeno (Trinidad and Tobago): MALMR. 18 p. (09609/1300.S43)

Singh, R.H. 1994. Policy framework for promoting sustainable development through integrated pest management in small island states. [Proceedings of the seminar on] integrated pest management - new strategies for the Caribbean farmer. Wageningen (The Netherlands): Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation. (06563)

Sirjusingh, C. 1992. Biological control of weevils and whitegrubs on bananas and sugar cane in the Caribbean. The Florida Entomological Society. FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST (USA) v. 75(4) p. 548-562. (09120/H10.F5)

South Pacific Commission, Suva (Fiji). 1993. Giant African snail. Suva (Fiji): South Pacific Commission. p. 4. (Pest Advisory Leaflet; no. 6) (07087/H10.S68)

Storey, G.K. 1992. Potential for biological control of soil insects using microbial pesticides in the Caribbean. The Florida Entomological Society. FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST (USA) v. 75(4) p. 533-539. (09118/H10.F5)

Sweetmore, A.; Iles, M. (eds.). 1991. Constraints on the adoption of IPM in developing countries - a survey. NRI. 36 p. (02431)

Taylor Stephens, C. 1990. Minimizing pesticide use in a vegetable management system. HORTSCIENCE v. 25(2) p. 164-168. (00560)

Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation, Wageningen (The Netherlands). 1997. Proceedings of a CTA/IAR/IIBC seminar [on] integrating biological control and host plant resistance. Wageningen (The Netherlands): CTA. 383 p. (06460)

Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation, Wageningen (Netherlands); Caribbean Agricultural Research and Development Institute, St Augustine (Trinidad and Tobago). 1995. Proceedings of a workshop on setting up an integrated pest management network for the Caribbean. St Augustine (Trinidad and Tobago): CARDI. 99 p. (07983/H10.C3)

Theunis, W. 1997. Techniques and media for isolation, culture, storage and bioassay of Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria brongniartii. Suva (Fiji): Pacific Regional Agricultural Programme. 10 p. (PRAP Leaflet; no. 14) (06501)

Thomas, M.; Waage, J. 1996. Integration of biological control and host-plant resistance breeding: a scientific and literature review. Wageningen (The Netherlands): Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation. 99 p. (08553/H10.T46)

Toribio, J. A. 1991. Control of Sclerotium rolfsii by soil organic amendment: dynamic of the suppression with some solid residues. Caribbean Food Crops Society. Antilles-Guyane (Guadeloupe): INRA. Proceedings of the Twenty-fifth Annual Meeting 1989; v. 25 p. 563-569. (03526)

Ullman, D.E. et al. 1991. Strategies for limiting the spread of aphid-transmitted viruses in zucchini. ADAP Crop Protection Conference Proceedings 1989. Honolulu (Hawaii): HITAHR. (Research Extension Series; (no. 134) p. 3-5) (06724)

United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok (Thailand). 1991. Agro-pesticides: properties and functions in integrated crop protection. Bangkok (Thailand): United Nations. 329 p. (02117)

United States of America Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Inspection Service. 1991. Biological control of the alfalfa weevil. Washington, D.C. (USA): USDA. 10 p. (04164)

United States of America Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Inspection Service. 1992. Biological control of leafy spurge. Washington, D.C. (USA): United States of America Department of Agriculture. 11 p. (04165)

Villacarlos, L.T.; Robin, R.P. 1991. Natural microbial control of Leucaena Psyllid (Heteropsylla cubana Crawford) (Homoptera: Psyllidae) in the Philippines. Research on multipurpose tree species in Asia: Proceedings of an international workshop held in Los Banos, Philippines, 19-23 November 1990. Bangkok (Thailand): Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development. (00892)

Volkoff, N. et al. 1992. In vitro rearing of Trissolcus basalis (Hym: Scelionidae) an egg parasitoid of Nezara viridula (Hem: Pentatomidae). ENTOMOPHAGA v. 37(1) p. 141-148. (02763)

Walmsley, D. (ed.). 1994. [Proceedings of the seminar on] integrated pest management - new strategies for the Caribbean farmer. Wageningen (The Netherlands): Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation. 448 p. (06542)

Waterhouse, D.F.; Thistleton, B.M. 1991. Guidelines for the introduction of biological control organisms into the South Pacific. ADAP Crop Protection Conference Proceedings 1989. Honolulu (Hawaii): HITAHR. (Research Extension Series; no. 134) p. 131-132. (06753)

Whitwell. A.C. 1990. Diaprepes spp.: problems in Dominica and some possible solutions. 11 p. (08320/1000.E57)

Whitwell, A. 1991. Dominica orchard crop management and research project: pest and disease management: final report: minor Tropical fruit crops. Kent (United Kingdom): Natural Resources Institute. vp. (04578)

Yudelman, M. et al. 1998. Pest management and food production: looking to the future. Washington, DC (USA): International Food Policy Research Institute. v, 53 p. ((IFPRI) Food Agriculture and the Environment Discussion Paper; no. 25) (08442/H10.Y83)

Yudin, L.S. et al. 1991. Ripening of watermelon IPM in Guam. ADAP Crop Protection Conference Proceedings 1989. Honolulu (Hawaii): HITAHR. (HITAHR Research Extension Series; no. 134). p. 165-166. (06762)

Zhang, Zhi-Qiang. 1992. Notes on the occurrence and distribution of the biocontrol agent, Allothrombium pulvinum Ewing (Acari, Trombidiidae), in a peach orchard in China. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY v. 113(1) p. 13-17.

The occurrence and distribution of the biocontrol agent, Allothrombium pulvinum Ewing, were studied in a peach orchard in Shanghai China. A pulvinum has one generation per year. Larvae emerge in spring, deutonymphs in summer and adults in autumn. Adults go through an obligate reproductive diapause during winter and lay eggs in spring. The dispersion of adult mites in the orchard follows the negative binomial distribution. Adult mites are more abundant on the ridge than on the furrow in the orchard. (03243)

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