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Integrated Pest Management Bibliography

Blanco Montero, C.A.; Sanchez Salas, J.A. 1990. Evaluation of six different traps for detecting the Mexican fruit fly. SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGIST v. 15(3) p. 327-331.

Six different traps were tested for the Mexican fruit fly, Anastrepha ludens (Loew.), a major citrus pest in northern Mexico and southern USA. The response of previously marked sterile flies to traps having different shape and colour combinations, with and without bait, were evaluated daily during one week in three replications. The trap with the highest capture was the McPhail trap, a transparent glass trap with bait. Yellow circular or rectangular traps with bait exhibited the second highest capture. A rectangular transparent trap with bait showed the third highest capture value. Circular and rectangular traps painted in yellow without bait demonstrated the lowest capture values. All traps showed diminished effectiveness through the season. (01339)

Boscan de Martinez, N.; Godoy, F.J. [Distances between McPhail traps for the capture of adult Anastrepha sp. (Diptera: Tephritidae]. AGRONOMIA TROPICAL v. 37(1/3) p. 121-124 (00180)

Cowley, J.M. et al. 1990. Comparison of the effectiveness of two traps for Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt) (Diptera: Tephritidae) and implications for quarantine surveillance systems. JOURNAL OF THE AUSTRALIAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY v. 29(3) p. 171-176.

The effectiveness of 2 traps for Queensland fruit fly, Bactrocera tryoni was compared for 1 year amongst relatively low populations at Applethorpe-Stanthorpe in southeast Queensland. The Lynfield trap which is an inexpensive non-sticky, pot-type trap was significantly more effective than the Jackson trap and was at least as reliable in the detection of fruit fly populations. Use of Lynfield traps in quarantine surveillance programs should allow for a greater trap density and a more sensitive detection system to be established without vastly increased operational costs. (01348)

Dreves, A.J. [1986?]. Instructions for the fruit fly trappers: A manual of techniques used for the 1986-87 surveys in Grenada and St. Vincent and the Grenadines. Port-of-Spain (Trinidad): Inter-American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture. 50 p. (01015)

Eskafi, F.M. 1990. Parasitism of fruit flies Ceratitis capitata and Anastrepha spp. (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Guatemala. ENTOMOPHAGA v. 35(3) p. 355-362.

The survey of the parasitoids reported here was undertaken as part of the population studies of fruit flies of economic importance in Guatemala aimed at containment and eradication of the Mediterranean fruit fly in Central America. (02717)

Gould, W.P.; Sharp, J.L. 1992. Hot-water immersion quarantine for guavas infested with Caribbean fruit fly. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY v. 85(4) p. 1235-1239.

Hot-water immersion was tested as a potential commodity treatment for guavas infested with third instars of the Caribbean fruit fly, Anastrepha suspensa (Loew). Infested guavas were immersed in water at 46.1 ± 0.5deg C for various time periods. Probit 9 (99.9968 per cent) mortality was estimated to occur at 32.7 min. A large-scale test with 2,450 guavas containing an estimated 181,556 larvae treated for 35 min. at 46.1 ± 0.5 deg C produced no survivors. Hydrocooling guavas immediately after hot-water treatment until fruit centre temperatures returned to 24 ± 2 deg C did not significantly affect mortality. Guavas tolerated 35 min. at 46.1 ± 0.5 deg C with only slight reduction in quality. Treated guavas held at 10 ± 0.5 deg C maintained acceptable quality 7 d longer that guavas held at 24 ± 2 deg C. (02799)

Hallman, G.J. et al. 1990. Vapor heat treatment for grapefruit infested with Caribbean fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY v. 83(4) p. 1475-1478. (00621)

Hallman, G.J.; Sharp, J.L. 1990. Hot-water immersion quarantine treatment for carambolas infested with Caribbean fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY v. 83(4) p. 1471-1474. (00608)

Heard, T.A. et al. 1991. Dose mortality relationships for eggs and larvae of Bactrocera tryoni (Diptera: Tephritidae) immersed in hot water. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY v. 84(6) p. 1768-1770.

Heat dose-mortality relationships at 44, 45, 46, 47 and 48 deg C were determined for new (5 percent developed) and old (80 percent developed) eggs and first, second and third instars of the Queensland fruit fly, Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt). The most tolerant stages were mature eggs at the lower temperatures, and third instars at the higher temperatures. New eggs were the least tolerant stage at all temperatures. First and second instars were intermediate in their tolerance. Determination of heat disinfestation treatment efficacy should thus be directed against third instars or mature eggs (depending on the temperature). Predicted times to achieve probit 9 quarantine security at these temperatures for all stages are presented. This information may be used to determine heat disinfestation times with hot water and vapor heat for commodities subject to infestation by this insect. (02753)

Hedstrom, I. 1992. Why do guava fruit flies, Anastrepha striata (Tephritidae) avoid the upper canopy of host trees. TROPICAL PEST MANAGEMENT v. 38(2) p. 131-135.

The within-tree distribution of the guava fruit fly, Anastrepha striata, in sour guava, Psidium friedrichsthalianum, and common guava, P. guajava, in the seasonal highlands and non-seasonal lowlands of Costa Rica, was examined in relation to host fruit distribution, temperature, and ambient light levels. Larvae and adult flies were significantly more abundant in the middle and lower parts of trees than in the upper canopy layer where temperatures inside sun-exposed, potential host fruits reached lethal levels for eggs and larvae of A. striata. The number of adult flies was also significantly greater in relatively compact foliage than in fairly open foliage of host trees. The results suggest that the foliage structure of host trees, through its influences on the temperature inside host fruits in determining the within-tree distribution of Anastrepha fruit flies. (02796)

Kassim, A.; Allwood, A. 1994. Fruit flies and their control in Cook islands. Suva (Fiji): South Pacific Commission. (08472/H10.K37)

Laidlaw, W.G.; Hayes, C.F. 1990. Calculation of Ethylene-forming enzyme activity in papayas treated for control of Oriental fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY v. 83(5) p. 1944-1948. (00616)

Lindergren, J.E. [1990?]. Field suppression of three fruit fly species (Diptera: Tephritidae) with Steinernema carpocapsae. Proceedings of the 5th International Colloquium on invertebrate pathology and microbial control, Adelaide, Australia. 20-24 August 1990. (01351)

Liquido, N.J. 1990. Morphological defects in the Blossom end of Papaya fruits in relation to infestation rates by Oriental fruit fly and Melon fly (Diptera: Tephritidae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY v. 83(5) p. 1883-1887. (00619)

Liquido, N.J. 1991. Survey of oriental fruit fly and melon fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) infestations in papaya. ADAP Crop Protection Conference Proceedings 1989. Honolulu (Hawaii): HITAHR. (HITAHR Research Extension Series; no. 134) p. 31-37. (06733)

Malo, E.A. 1992. Effect of bait decomposition time on capture of Anastrepha fruit flies. FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST (USA) v. 75(2) p. 272-273. (02798)

Malvasi, A. et al. 1990. Field evaluation of 3 baits for South American Cucurbit fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) using McPhail traps. FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST (USA) v. 73(3) p. 510-513) (00184/H10.M35)

The International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology Nairobi (Kenya). 1987. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of African Regional Pest Management Research and Development Network (PESTNET) for integrated control of crop livestock pests. Nairobi (Kenya): ICIPE. 16 p. (00185)

McGuire, R.G. 1991. Concomitant decay reductions when mangoes are treated with heat to control infestations of Caribbean fruit flies. PLANT DISEASE v. 75(9) p. 946-949.

In this study, phytotoxicity and the reduction of decay that results from treatment of mangoes by hot air or constant temperature hot water are compared with that of another procedure. With this third technique, the water temperature in a bath follows a program of gradual heating that simulates the heat development within the hot air chamber. Gradual heating in water can reduce the phytotoxicity in grapefruit associated with constant temperature hot water immersions. (02757)

Nguyen, R.; Fraser, S. 1990. Lack of suitability of commercial limes and lemons as hosts of Anastrepha suspensa (Diptera: Tephritidae). FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST (USA) v. 73(4) p. 718-720. (01338)

Robacker, D.C. 1992. Effects of shape and size colored traps on attractiveness to irradiated, laboratory-strain Mexican fruit flies (Diptera, Tephritidae). FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST (USA) v. 75(2) p. 230-240. (02797)

Robacker, D.C. et al. 1990. A novel attractant for Mexican fruit fly, Anastrepha ludens, from fermented host fruit. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY v. 16(10) p. 2799-2815.

Chemicals from fermented chapote fruit were identified and evaluated as attractants for hungry adult Mexican fruit flies in laboratory and greenhouse bioassays. Twenty-eight chemicals identified from an attractive gas-chromotography fraction were as attractive as a chapote volatiles extract (CV)when mixed in the same amounts found in CV. Sixteen of the chemicals were slightly attractive to flies when tested individually. A mixture containing 15 of the chemicals by design and the 16th as an impurity, in arbitrary concentrations, was at least as attractive as the original CV. In a series of experiments, the number of chemicals was reduced to three by elimination of unnecessary components. The three-component mixture retained the attractiveness of the 15-component mixture. The three chemicals were 1,8-cineole, ethyl hexanoate, and hexanol (CEH). Attractiveness of the three-chemical mixture was equal to the sum of the attractiveness of the three inidividual components, suggesting that each chemical binds to a different receptor type that independently elicits partial attraction behaviour. Optimal ratios were 10:1:1 of the three chemicals, respectively. Optimal test quantities ranged between 0.4-4ug of 1,8-cineole and 40-400ng each of ethyl hexanoate and hexanol applied to filter paper in the laboratory bioassays. A neat 10:1:1 mixture of the chemicals was 1.8 times more attractive than aqueous solutions of Torula dried yeast and borax to starved 2-day old flies when the lures were tested in competing McPhail traps in a large greenhouse cage. (01343)

Robacker, D.C. et al. 1990. Effects of trap color, height and placement around trees on capture of Mexican fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY v. 83(2) p. 412-419. (00627)

Segarracarmona, A.E. et al. 1990. Hot water dip treatments to destroy Anastrepha obliqualarvae (Diptera Tephritidae) in mangoes from Puerto Rico. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF PUERTO RICO v. 74(4) p. 441-448. (00218/1120.S44)

Sharp, J.L. 1990. Immersion in heated water as a quarantine treatment for California Stone fruits infested with the Caribbean fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY v. 83(4) p. 1468-1470. (00609)

Sharp, J.L. 1990. Mortality of Caribbean fruit fly immatures in shrinkwrapped grapefruit. FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST (USA) v. 73(4) p. 660-664.

Film wraps (Clysar EHC-50-F, 12.7N and Clysar EHC-150-F, 39) applied with heat to seal individual Florida Marsh grapefruit, Citrus paradisi Macf, were tested as a possible quarantine treatment against Caribbean fruit fly, Anastrepha suspensa (Lowe) infestations. The number of surviving pupae decreased when grapefruits infested with eggs and larvae 1 to 2 and 8 days old were wrapped for 7 to 35 days. Probit 9 (99.9968 percent) mortality was not achieved. The wraps were not effective barriers because mature larvae survived and then escaped from inside individually wrapped grapefruits and pupated. Clysar film wraps (EHC-50F and EHC-150-F) are not recommended as a quarantine treatment against Caribbean fruit fly infestation in grapefruit. (01356)

Sharp, J.L. et al. 1989. Hot-water quarantine treatment for mangoes from Mexico infested with Mexican fruit fly and West Indian fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY v. 82(6) p. 1657-1662. (00481)

Sharp, J.L.; Picho-Martinez, H. 1990. Hot-water quarantine treatment to control fruit flies in mangoes imported into the United States from Peru. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY v. 83(5) p. 1940-1943. (00615)

Sharp, J.L.; Spalding, D.H. 1984. Hot water as a quarantine treatment for Florida mangoes infested with Caribbean fruit fly. PROCEEDINGS OF THE FLORIDA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY v. 97 p. 355-357. (00779)

Sivinski, J. 1990. Colored spherical traps for capture of Caribbean fruit fly, Anastrepha suspensa. FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST (USA) v. 73(1) p. 123-128. (00673)

Sivinski, J. 1991. The influence of host fruit morphology on parasitization rates in the Caribbean fruit fly, Anastrepha suspensa. ENTOMOPHAGA v. 36(3) p. 447-454.

This report describes the relationship between the size of artificial 'fruit' (diet material held in spherical shapes by fine cloth) and the rate of parasitization by D. longicaudata of the Caribbean fruit fly larvae they contain. Correlations in the field between parasitization rate and host fruit size and the distribution of edible tissue about the seed(s) are examined. The importance of host fruit size on design of inudative releases of the parasite is discussed. (02707)

Sivinski, J.M.; Calkins, C.O. 1990. Sexually dimorphic developmental rates in the Caribbean fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae). ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY v. 19(5) p. 1491-1495.

Female Caribbean fruit flies, Anastrepha suspensa (Loew), eclosed before males in field-collected and laboratory-reared samples. This dimorphism is due to more rapid female development during pupal, larval, and peharps even egg stages. Adult females in the laboratory stock and in the field-collected samples eclosed before male members of the same cohort. At the conclusion of pupal development, 92 percent of females and only 52 percent of males emerged from the pupal state on the first of two days of eclosion. (01173)

South Pacific Commission, Suva (Fiji). 1994. Fruit flies and their control in Cook Islands. Suva (Fiji): South Pacific Commission. 8 p. (07199)

Steck, G.J. et al. 1990. Methods for identification of Anastrepha larvae (Diptera: Tephritidae), and key to 13 species. In proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington. Entomological Society of Washington.

Detailed methods are provided for observing useful characters to distinguish among species of Anastrepha fruit flies in their immature stages. Additionally, a key is provided to third instar larvae of 13 species: A.bistrigata Bezzi, distincta Greene, fraterculus (Wiedemann), grandis (Macquart), interrupta Stone, leptozona Hendel, limae Stone, ludens (Loew), obliqua (Macquart), pallens Coqillett, serpentina (Wiedemann), striata Schiner and suspensa (Loew). There is considerable overlap in many character states among species. Discriminant analysis is necessary to distinguish among species in some couplets. (01365)

Wakabayashi, N.; Cunningham, R.T. 1991. Four-component synthetic food bait for attracting both sexes of the melon fly (Diptera: Tephritidae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY v. 84(6) p. 1672-1676.

This paper describes an attractive mixture of four chemicals, chosen based on likely breakdown products of nutrients in protein hydrolysates, that equalled the initial attraction of melon flies to proteinaceous baits. (02752)

Zapata, O.M. de J.; Alomisa de Gutierrez, B. 1986. Evaluation of the damage in 53 mango varieties caused by Anastrepha fraterculus. ACTA AGRONOMICA (COLOMBIA) v. 36(2) p. 158-167. (00126)

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